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to state officially

  • 1 vorschreiben

    v/t (unreg., trennb., hat -ge-)
    1. (anordnen) prescribe; Gesetz: stipulate; ich lasse mir nichts vorschreiben I won’t be dictated to, nobody tells me what to do
    2. jemandem etw. vorschreiben (Wort, Brief etc.) write s.th. out for s.o.
    * * *
    to enjoin; to specify; to prescribe; to lay down
    * * *
    vor|schrei|ben
    vt sep
    1) (= befehlen) to stipulate; (MED ) Dosis to prescribe

    jdm vórschreiben, wie/was... — to dictate to sb how/what...

    ich lasse mir nichts vórschreiben — I won't be dictated to

    2) (lit) to write out (+dat for)
    * * *
    1) (to state officially or with authority: He dictated the terms of our offer.) dictate
    * * *
    vor|schrei·ben
    ▪ jdm etw \vorschreiben to stipulate sth to sb
    jdm eine Verhaltensweise [o Vorgehensweise] \vorschreiben to tell sb how to behave/proceed
    einigen Leuten muss man jeden Handgriff buchstäblich \vorschreiben you have to spell every little thing out to some people
    ▪ jdm \vorschreiben, wann/was/wie... to tell sb when/what/how...
    ▪ [jdm] etw \vorschreiben to stipulate sth/[that sb should do sth]
    ▪ \vorschreiben, etw zu tun to stipulate that sth should be done
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb stipulate, lay down, set < conditions>; lay down < rules>; prescribe < dose>

    er wollte uns vorschreiben, was wir zu tun hätten — he wanted to tell us or dictate to us what to do

    die vorgeschriebene Geschwindigkeit/Dosis — the prescribed speed/dose

    * * *
    vorschreiben v/t (irr, trennb, hat -ge-)
    1. (anordnen) prescribe; Gesetz: stipulate;
    ich lasse mir nichts vorschreiben I won’t be dictated to, nobody tells me what to do
    2.
    jemandem etwas vorschreiben (Wort, Brief etc) write sth out for sb
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb stipulate, lay down, set < conditions>; lay down < rules>; prescribe < dose>

    er wollte uns vorschreiben, was wir zu tun hätten — he wanted to tell us or dictate to us what to do

    die vorgeschriebene Geschwindigkeit/Dosis — the prescribed speed/dose

    * * *
    v.
    to enjoin v.
    to lay downs regulations expr.
    to lay downs rules expr.
    to prescribe v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > vorschreiben

  • 2 renuncio

    rĕ-nuntĭo ( rĕnuncĭo), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.
    I. A.
    In gen. (rare and mostly ante-class.;

    syn. refero): quid nunc renuntiem abs te responsum, Chreme?

    Ter. Heaut. 4, 8, 18:

    hoc alii mihi renuntiant,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 6; cf. id. ib. 1, 5, 36:

    quia nihil a quoquam renuntiabatur,

    no answer was brought, Suet. Ner. 47:

    teque ad patrem esse mortuum renuntiem,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 49.—With obj.clause:

    istaec quae tibi renuntiantur, filium te velle circumducere,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 15:

    quasi non tibi renuntiata sint haec, sic fore,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 28:

    Alexandro regi renuntiatam adeo divitem (insulam),

    Plin. 6, 31, 36, § 198:

    is me nunc renuntiare repudium jussit tibi,

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 54; Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 72:

    deliberet renuntietque hodie mihi, Velintne annon,

    id. Hec. 3, 5, 58:

    hunc metuebam, ne meae Uxori renuntiaret de pallā,

    Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 67.— Impers., Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 18: posteaquam mihi renuntiatum est de obitu Tulliae filiae tuae, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 1:

    tibi renuntiari sic me habere in animo,

    Cic. Clu. 5, 17.— Absol.:

    abi et renuntia,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 2, 10; Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 5:

    rus abiisse aiebant, nunc domum renuntio,

    Plaut. Merc. 4, 5, 2:

    huc,

    Ter. And. 3, 4, 15:

    ita mihi renuntiatum est, quibus credo satis,

    Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 19; so,

    renuntiatum est,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 21.—
    B.
    In partic., publicists' and jurid. t. t., to state officially, to report, declare, proclaim, announce, etc. (freq. and class.;

    syn. indico): legati ex auctoritate haec Caesari renuntiant, Intelligere se, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    Volusenus perspectis regionibus... ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset, renuntiat,

    id. B. G. 4, 21 fin.; cf. id. ib. 7, 5:

    Roscius postulata Caesaris renuntiat,

    id. B. C. 1, 10:

    Caesari renuntiaverunt, pulverem majorem in eā parte videri,

    id. B. G. 4, 32:

    Caesar cognoscit Considium timore perterritum, quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi renuntiasse,

    id. ib. 1, 22:

    si ille vir legationem renuntiare potuisset,

    had been able to give an account of his mission, Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 1; so,

    legationem,

    Liv. 9, 4; 23, 6; 35, 32; 36, 35; 39, 33; Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 20 al.; cf.:

    haec dicta legatis renuntiataque in consilium,

    Liv. 29, 3:

    nunc imperant pullario: ille renuntiat,

    Cic. Div. 2, 35, 74; cf. Liv. 34, 44:

    haec cum renuntiata essent,

    id. 36, 1, 4:

    renuntiat collegae facturum se quod is censeret,

    id. 37, 1, 8:

    tribuni revocaturos se easdem tribus renuntiarunt,

    id. 45, 36 fin.:

    hostium numerum,

    Cic. ad Q. Fr. 3, 2, 2:

    acta et imperia tua domum ad senatum suum renuntiaverunt,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 31, § 73.— Esp. of the official announcement of an election (either by the praeco or the presiding magistrate), to declare or announce elected, to make the return: coepti sunt a praecone renuntiari, quem quaeque [p. 1566] tribus fecerint aedilem, Varr. R. R. 3, 17; cf.:

    cum esset praetor renuntiatus,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 38:

    cum propter dilationem comitiorum ter praetor primus centuriis cunctis renuntiatus sum,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2:

    eo modo sacerdos Climarchias renuntiatus est,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129:

    qui (magistratus) priusquam renuntiarentur,

    Liv. 5, 18 et saep.:

    aliquem consulem,

    Cic. Mur. 1, 1; cf. id. de Or. 2, 64, 260:

    ut hostis renuntiaretur,

    declared a public enemy, Spart. Jul. 5, 3:

    dictator comitia consularia habuit aemulumque decoris sui absentem M. Valerium Corvum consulem renuntiavit,

    Liv. 7, 26; Plin. Pan. 92, 3; Val. Max. 3, 8, ext. 3: renuntiare repudium, v. h. v.—
    2.
    Transf., in gen., to announce, report, declare:

    assentior vero renuntioque vobis, nihil esse, quod adhuc de re publicā dictum putemus,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 44, 71.—
    C.
    Renuntiare sibi, to report to one ' s self, impress on one ' s own mind, i. e. reflect, think: qui renuntient sibi, quanta sit humani ingenii vis, quam potens efficiendi, quae velit, represent to themselves, i. e. think, meditate, Quint. 12, 11, 10; cf.:

    potest et illa res a luctu te prohibere nimio, si tibi ipse renuntiaveris, nihil horum, quae facis, posse subduco,

    Sen. ad Polyb. 6 (25), 1.—
    II.
    ( Re negative or qs. rejecting.) To retract, revoke, recall, refuse; to give up, break off, protest against, disclaim, renounce (good prose): Pa. Ad cenam hercle alio promisi foras. Ge. Jube domi cenam coqui Atque ad illum renuntiari, Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 19; cf.:

    renuntiari extemplo amicis, quos in consilium rogaverat, imperavit,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 9:

    ego illi ad prandium promisissem, and prandium renuntiassem,

    id. Suas. 2, 12: incensus hospitium ei renuntiat;

    domo ejus emigrat,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 36, § 89:

    societatem et amicitiam alicui,

    Liv. 36, 3; so,

    societatem alicui,

    id. 38, 31:

    amicitiam alicui,

    id. 42, 25, 1; Tac. A. 2, 70; Suet. Calig. 3:

    renuntiat Habonius illam decisionem tutoribus,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; cf. id. ib. 1, 6, 16.— Absol.:

    quid imprudentius publicanis renuntiantibus?

    Cic. Att. 2, 1, 8:

    nemo ingemuit, etc.... pedem nemo in illo judicio supplosit, credo, ne Stoicis renuntiaretur,

    id. de Or. 1, 53:

    civilibus officiis,

    Quint. 10, 7, 1; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 8:

    vitae,

    Suet. Galb. 11:

    foro,

    id. Rhet. 6:

    Campaniae,

    Sen. Q. N. 6, 1, 10:

    inertiae,

    Plin. Pan. 59, 2:

    nuptiis,

    Tert. ad Uxor. 1, 1:

    societati,

    Dig. 17, 19, 65, § 3.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > renuncio

  • 3 renuntio

    rĕ-nuntĭo ( rĕnuncĭo), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.
    I. A.
    In gen. (rare and mostly ante-class.;

    syn. refero): quid nunc renuntiem abs te responsum, Chreme?

    Ter. Heaut. 4, 8, 18:

    hoc alii mihi renuntiant,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 6; cf. id. ib. 1, 5, 36:

    quia nihil a quoquam renuntiabatur,

    no answer was brought, Suet. Ner. 47:

    teque ad patrem esse mortuum renuntiem,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 49.—With obj.clause:

    istaec quae tibi renuntiantur, filium te velle circumducere,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 15:

    quasi non tibi renuntiata sint haec, sic fore,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 28:

    Alexandro regi renuntiatam adeo divitem (insulam),

    Plin. 6, 31, 36, § 198:

    is me nunc renuntiare repudium jussit tibi,

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 54; Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 72:

    deliberet renuntietque hodie mihi, Velintne annon,

    id. Hec. 3, 5, 58:

    hunc metuebam, ne meae Uxori renuntiaret de pallā,

    Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 67.— Impers., Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 18: posteaquam mihi renuntiatum est de obitu Tulliae filiae tuae, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 1:

    tibi renuntiari sic me habere in animo,

    Cic. Clu. 5, 17.— Absol.:

    abi et renuntia,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 2, 10; Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 5:

    rus abiisse aiebant, nunc domum renuntio,

    Plaut. Merc. 4, 5, 2:

    huc,

    Ter. And. 3, 4, 15:

    ita mihi renuntiatum est, quibus credo satis,

    Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 19; so,

    renuntiatum est,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 21.—
    B.
    In partic., publicists' and jurid. t. t., to state officially, to report, declare, proclaim, announce, etc. (freq. and class.;

    syn. indico): legati ex auctoritate haec Caesari renuntiant, Intelligere se, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    Volusenus perspectis regionibus... ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset, renuntiat,

    id. B. G. 4, 21 fin.; cf. id. ib. 7, 5:

    Roscius postulata Caesaris renuntiat,

    id. B. C. 1, 10:

    Caesari renuntiaverunt, pulverem majorem in eā parte videri,

    id. B. G. 4, 32:

    Caesar cognoscit Considium timore perterritum, quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi renuntiasse,

    id. ib. 1, 22:

    si ille vir legationem renuntiare potuisset,

    had been able to give an account of his mission, Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 1; so,

    legationem,

    Liv. 9, 4; 23, 6; 35, 32; 36, 35; 39, 33; Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 20 al.; cf.:

    haec dicta legatis renuntiataque in consilium,

    Liv. 29, 3:

    nunc imperant pullario: ille renuntiat,

    Cic. Div. 2, 35, 74; cf. Liv. 34, 44:

    haec cum renuntiata essent,

    id. 36, 1, 4:

    renuntiat collegae facturum se quod is censeret,

    id. 37, 1, 8:

    tribuni revocaturos se easdem tribus renuntiarunt,

    id. 45, 36 fin.:

    hostium numerum,

    Cic. ad Q. Fr. 3, 2, 2:

    acta et imperia tua domum ad senatum suum renuntiaverunt,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 31, § 73.— Esp. of the official announcement of an election (either by the praeco or the presiding magistrate), to declare or announce elected, to make the return: coepti sunt a praecone renuntiari, quem quaeque [p. 1566] tribus fecerint aedilem, Varr. R. R. 3, 17; cf.:

    cum esset praetor renuntiatus,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 38:

    cum propter dilationem comitiorum ter praetor primus centuriis cunctis renuntiatus sum,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2:

    eo modo sacerdos Climarchias renuntiatus est,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129:

    qui (magistratus) priusquam renuntiarentur,

    Liv. 5, 18 et saep.:

    aliquem consulem,

    Cic. Mur. 1, 1; cf. id. de Or. 2, 64, 260:

    ut hostis renuntiaretur,

    declared a public enemy, Spart. Jul. 5, 3:

    dictator comitia consularia habuit aemulumque decoris sui absentem M. Valerium Corvum consulem renuntiavit,

    Liv. 7, 26; Plin. Pan. 92, 3; Val. Max. 3, 8, ext. 3: renuntiare repudium, v. h. v.—
    2.
    Transf., in gen., to announce, report, declare:

    assentior vero renuntioque vobis, nihil esse, quod adhuc de re publicā dictum putemus,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 44, 71.—
    C.
    Renuntiare sibi, to report to one ' s self, impress on one ' s own mind, i. e. reflect, think: qui renuntient sibi, quanta sit humani ingenii vis, quam potens efficiendi, quae velit, represent to themselves, i. e. think, meditate, Quint. 12, 11, 10; cf.:

    potest et illa res a luctu te prohibere nimio, si tibi ipse renuntiaveris, nihil horum, quae facis, posse subduco,

    Sen. ad Polyb. 6 (25), 1.—
    II.
    ( Re negative or qs. rejecting.) To retract, revoke, recall, refuse; to give up, break off, protest against, disclaim, renounce (good prose): Pa. Ad cenam hercle alio promisi foras. Ge. Jube domi cenam coqui Atque ad illum renuntiari, Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 19; cf.:

    renuntiari extemplo amicis, quos in consilium rogaverat, imperavit,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 9:

    ego illi ad prandium promisissem, and prandium renuntiassem,

    id. Suas. 2, 12: incensus hospitium ei renuntiat;

    domo ejus emigrat,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 36, § 89:

    societatem et amicitiam alicui,

    Liv. 36, 3; so,

    societatem alicui,

    id. 38, 31:

    amicitiam alicui,

    id. 42, 25, 1; Tac. A. 2, 70; Suet. Calig. 3:

    renuntiat Habonius illam decisionem tutoribus,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; cf. id. ib. 1, 6, 16.— Absol.:

    quid imprudentius publicanis renuntiantibus?

    Cic. Att. 2, 1, 8:

    nemo ingemuit, etc.... pedem nemo in illo judicio supplosit, credo, ne Stoicis renuntiaretur,

    id. de Or. 1, 53:

    civilibus officiis,

    Quint. 10, 7, 1; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 8:

    vitae,

    Suet. Galb. 11:

    foro,

    id. Rhet. 6:

    Campaniae,

    Sen. Q. N. 6, 1, 10:

    inertiae,

    Plin. Pan. 59, 2:

    nuptiis,

    Tert. ad Uxor. 1, 1:

    societati,

    Dig. 17, 19, 65, § 3.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > renuntio

  • 4 dictate

    [dɪkˈteɪt] (American) [ˈdɪkteɪt] verb
    1) to say or read out (something) for someone else to write down:

    He always dictates his letters (to his secretary).

    يُمْلي عَلى
    2) to state officially or with authority:

    He dictated the terms of our offer.

    يُمْلي شُروطَه
    3) to give orders to; to command:

    I certainly won't be dictated to by you (= I won't do as you say).

    يَأْمُر، يُمْلي أوامِرَهُ

    Arabic-English dictionary > dictate

  • 5 тържествено

    officially; in state; in triumph
    муз. maestoso
    * * *
    тържѐствено,
    нареч. officially; in state; ( празнично) festively; муз. maestoso; обещавам \тържествено pledge o.s.
    * * *
    officially ; festively (празнично)
    * * *
    1. (празнично) festively 2. officially;in state 3. муз. maestoso 4. обещавам ТЪРЖЕСТВЕНО pledge o.s

    Български-английски речник > тържествено

  • 6 официално

    officially, in an official capacity, formally
    официално чествуван publicly feted
    * * *
    официа̀лно,
    нареч. officially, in an official capacity, formally; ( тържествено) in state; държа се \официално stand on ceremony; \официално честван publicly fêted.
    * * *
    1. (тържествено) in state 2. officially, in an official capacity, formally 3. ОФИЦИАЛНО чествуван publicly feted

    Български-английски речник > официално

  • 7 staatlich

    I Adj. attr. state...; Maßnahmen, Vorschriften, Subventionen etc.: government...; (staatseigen) Industrie etc.: nationalized, state-owned; Unternehmen: public; staatliche Mittel government funds, public money; das Unternehmen ist rein staatlich this enterprise is fully state-owned
    II Adv.: staatlich anerkannt officially recognized ( oder approved); staatlich gefördert state-sponsored; staatlich gelenkt oder geleitet state-control(l)ed, state-run; staatlich geprüft (abgek. staatl. gepr.) state-certified
    * * *
    political; public; national; governmental
    * * *
    staat|lich ['ʃtaːtlɪç]
    1. adj
    state attr; Gelder, Unterstützung etc auch government attr; (= staatseigen) Betrieb, Güter auch state-owned; (= staatlich geführt) state-run
    2. adv
    by the state

    stáátlich subventioniert — subsidized by the state, state-subsidized

    stáátlich anerkannt — state-approved

    stáátlich geprüft — state-certified

    * * *
    staat·lich
    I. adj
    1. (staatseigen) state-owned; (staatlich geführt) state-run
    \staatliche Einrichtungen state [or government] facilities
    \staatliche Schuldenverwaltung management of the national debt
    \staatliche Schuldtitel/Stellen government bonds/agencies
    2. (den Staat betreffend) state attr, national
    \staatliche Anreize POL government incentives
    \staatliche Förderung government promotion
    \staatliche Mittel public funds; (Stipendium) grant
    \staatliche Unterstützung ÖKON government support
    II. adv
    \staatlich anerkannt state- [or government-] approved
    \staatlich gefördert FIN government-sponsored
    \staatlich geprüft [state-]certified
    \staatlich subventioniert state-subsidized, subsidized by the state pred
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv state attrib. <sovereignty, institutions, authorities, control, etc.>; <power, unity, etc.> of the state; state-owned <factory etc.>

    staatliche Mittel — government or public money sing

    2.
    adverbial by the state

    staatlich anerkannt/geprüft/finanziert — state-approved/-certified/-financed

    * * *
    A. adj attr state…; Maßnahmen, Vorschriften, Subventionen etc: government …; (staatseigen) Industrie etc: nationalized, state-owned; Unternehmen: public;
    staatliche Mittel government funds, public money;
    das Unternehmen ist rein staatlich this enterprise is fully state-owned
    B. adv:
    staatlich anerkannt officially recognized ( oder approved);
    staatlich gefördert state-sponsored;
    geleitet state-control(l)ed, state-run;
    staatlich geprüft (abk staatl. gepr.) state-certified
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv state attrib. <sovereignty, institutions, authorities, control, etc.>; <power, unity, etc.> of the state; state-owned <factory etc.>

    staatliche Mittel — government or public money sing

    2.
    adverbial by the state

    staatlich anerkannt/geprüft/finanziert — state-approved/-certified/-financed

    * * *
    (Unternehmen) adj.
    nationalized adj.
    state-owned adj. adj.
    state- prefix

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > staatlich

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 offiziell

    I Adj. official; (förmlich) auch formal; Text: accepted; von offizieller Seite ist bekannt gegeben worden... it has been officially announced...; plötzlich wurde er ganz offiziell he suddenly adopted a very formal tone
    II Adv. officially; offiziell bekannt geben, dass... make an official statement (to the effect) that...; bei der Einweihung ging alles sehr offiziell zu it was all very formal at the dedication
    * * *
    official
    * * *
    of|fi|zi|ẹll [ɔfi'tsiɛl]
    1. adj
    Meinung, Erklärung, Besuch official; Einladung, Besuch auch formal
    2. adv
    officially
    * * *
    1) (done or confirmed by people in authority etc: the official result of the race.) official
    2) (formally: The new library was officially opened yesterday.) officially
    3) (according to what is announced publicly (though not necessarily true in fact): Officially he is on holiday - actually he is working on a new book.) officially
    * * *
    of·fi·zi·ell
    [ɔfiˈtsi̯ɛl]
    I. adj
    in \offizieller Mission [nach...] reisen to be on an official mission [to...]
    seine \offizielle Zustimmung geben to give one's official consent
    \offiziell/noch nicht \offiziell sein Wahlergebnisse to be/not yet be official, to have been/have not yet been announced officially
    von \offizieller Seite verlautet according to official sources
    \offiziell heißt es,... official sources state..., the official statement is...
    2. (förmlich) Empfang, Feier formal, stiff
    II. adv officially
    jdn \offiziell einladen to give sb an official invitation
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv official
    2.
    adverbial officially
    * * *
    A. adj official; (förmlich) auch formal; Text: accepted;
    von offizieller Seite ist bekannt gegeben worden … it has been officially announced …;
    plötzlich wurde er ganz offiziell he suddenly adopted a very formal tone
    B. adv officially;
    offiziell bekannt geben, dass … make an official statement (to the effect) that …;
    bei der Einweihung ging alles sehr offiziell zu it was all very formal at the dedication
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv official
    2.
    adverbial officially
    * * *
    adj.
    official adj. adv.
    officially adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > offiziell

  • 10 peronismo

    1 Peronism
    * * *
    PERONISMO General Juan Domingo Perón (1895-1974) came to power in Argentina in 1946, on a social justice platform known as justicialismo. He aimed to break Argentina's dependence on exports by developing the domestic economy through state-led industrialization. Peronismo stood for nationalization of industry, trade unions, paid holidays, the welfare state and the provision of affordable housing. Women were given the vote in 1947, a move championed by Perón's charismatic wife "Evita" (María Eva Duarte). Following her death in 1952, Perón's support began to crumble and he was driven into exile in 1955. His party was banned for almost a decade and did not regain power until 1973, when he was recalled from exile to become President. He died the following year. Peronismo as a movement has survived, and the Peronist party returned to power in 1989 under Carlos Menem.
    * * *
    masculino Peronism
    •• Cultural note:
    A political movement, known officially as justicialismo, named for the populist politician Colonel Juan Domingo Perón, elected President of Argentina in 1946. An admirer of Italian fascism, Perón claimed always to be a champion of the workers and the poor, the descamisados (shirtless ones), to whom his first wife Eva Duarte (`Evita') became a sort of icon, especially after her death in 1952. Although he instituted some social reforms, Perón's regime proved increasingly repressive and he was ousted in an army coup in 1955. He returned from exile to become president again in 1973, but died in office a year later. His Partido Justicialista governed Argentina again from 1989 to 1999 under President Carlos Saúl Menem
    * * *
    masculino Peronism
    •• Cultural note:
    A political movement, known officially as justicialismo, named for the populist politician Colonel Juan Domingo Perón, elected President of Argentina in 1946. An admirer of Italian fascism, Perón claimed always to be a champion of the workers and the poor, the descamisados (shirtless ones), to whom his first wife Eva Duarte (`Evita') became a sort of icon, especially after her death in 1952. Although he instituted some social reforms, Perón's regime proved increasingly repressive and he was ousted in an army coup in 1955. He returned from exile to become president again in 1973, but died in office a year later. His Partido Justicialista governed Argentina again from 1989 to 1999 under President Carlos Saúl Menem
    * * *
    peronismo (↑ peronismo a1)
    Peronism
    A political movement, known officially as justicialismo, named for the populist politician Colonel Juan Domingo Perón, elected President of Argentina in 1946. An admirer of Italian fascism, Perón claimed always to be a champion of the workers and the poor, the descamisados (shirtless ones), to whom his first wife Eva Duarte (`Evita') became a sort of icon, especially after her death in 1952. Although he instituted some social reforms, Perón's regime proved increasingly repressive and he was ousted in an army coup in 1955. He returned from exile to become president again in 1973, but died in office a year later. His Partido Justicialista won the 2007 elections led by Alicia Fernández de Kirchner.
    * * *
    Pol Peronism
    * * *
    m Peronism

    Spanish-English dictionary > peronismo

  • 11 presentar

    v.
    1 to present.
    Ella presenta soluciones She presents solutions.
    Ella le presenta a Ricardo un regalo She presents Richard a gift.
    Ellos presentan a los candidatos They present=field the candidates.
    2 to make (ofrecer) (disculpas, excusas).
    3 to introduce (person).
    me presentó a sus amigos she introduced me to her friends
    me parece que no nos han presentado I don't think we've been introduced
    Juan, te presento a Carmen Juan, this is Carmen
    permítame que le presente a nuestra directora allow me to introduce you to our manager, I'd like you to meet our manager
    Ella presenta a los invitados She introduces the guests.
    4 to have, to show (tener) (aspecto).
    presenta difícil solución it's going to be difficult to solve
    Ella le presenta al público una obra She shows the public a play.
    5 to host, to be the host of, to act as a compere for, to compere.
    Ella presenta el programa She hosts the program.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to present; (mostrar) to show
    2 (entregar) to hand in
    3 (sacar al mercado) to launch
    4 (personas) to introduce
    ■ ¿te han presentado ya? have you been introduced yet?
    5 TELEVISIÓN to present
    6 (ofrecer) to offer, show
    1 (comparecer) to turn up
    2 (para elección) to stand; (en un concurso) to enter
    \
    presentar una denuncia to lodge a complaint
    presentar una ponencia to present a paper
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=enseñar, exponer) [gen] to present; [+ moción, candidato] to propose, put forward; [+ pruebas, informe] to submit; [+ documento, pasaporte] to show

    presentar una propuesta — to make o present a proposal

    presentar algo al cobro o al pago — (Com) to present sth for payment

    2) (=entregar) to hand in

    presentó la dimisión — he handed in his resignation, he resigned

    3) (=mostrar) [+ señal, síntoma] to show
    4) (=exponer al público) [+ producto, disco, libro] to launch
    5) [en espectáculo] [+ obra] to perform; [+ actor, actriz] to present, feature
    6) (=ser presentador de) [+ programa televisivo] to present, host

    J. Pérez presenta el programa — the programme is presented o hosted by J. Pérez

    ¿quién presenta ahora las noticias de las nueve? — who presents o reads the nine o'clock news now?

    7) (=tener) to have
    8) [+ persona] to introduce

    a ver si te presento a mi amiga Jacinta — you must meet my friend Jacinta, I must introduce you to my friend Jacinta

    ser presentada en sociedad — to come out, make one's début

    9) (=ofrecer) [+ disculpa] to offer, make

    le presento mis consideraciones — [en carta] yours faithfully

    10) (Mil)

    presentar batalla — (lit) to draw up in battle array; (fig) to offer resistance

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( mostrar) to present
    b) ( exponer por primera vez) <libro/disco> to launch; < obra de arte> to present; < colección de moda> to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) <informe/solicitud> to submit

    le presenté el pasaporte — I gave him my passport, I presented my passport to him

    d) ( enseñar) to show
    e) <disculpas/excusas> to make; < dimisión> to hand in, submit; < queja> to file, make

    presentaron una denuncia — they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint

    f) (Mil)
    2) (TV) < programa> to present, introduce
    3) < persona> to introduce

    te presento a mi hermana — I'd like you to meet my sister, this is my sister

    4) <novedad/ventaja> to offer; < síntoma> to show
    2.
    presentarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( en lugar) to turn up, appear
    b) (a concurso, examen)

    se presentó al examen — she took o (BrE) sat the exam

    se presenta como candidato independiente — he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent

    2) dificultad/problema to arise, come up, crop up (colloq)

    si se me presenta la oportunidad — if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises

    3) ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    * * *
    = bring to + the attention, display, draw, exhibit, expose, feature, introduce, open up, pose, present, provide with, set out, subject, throw up, render, put before, produce, table, submit, unveil, showcase, surrender, lay out, roll out, construct, tender, come up with, report, bring forward, deliver.
    Ex. Many displays are changed from time to time (for example, once a week, or once a month) so that various sections of the stock may be brought to the attention of the library's public over a period of time.
    Ex. The command function 'DISPLAY' is used to display a list of alphabetically linked terms.
    Ex. For example, when setting up the format for records in a data base, the user can draw a form on the screen, complete with headings for each field, and then, the data is entered into the form.
    Ex. These headings, therefore, in addition to exhibiting a bias in favor of the majority, actively hinder access.
    Ex. The reputation of the information and its authority will be more exposed to examination.
    Ex. Other catalogues and bibliographies only feature added entries under title where it is deemed that the author main entry heading is not likely to be obvious to the users.
    Ex. The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex. Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.
    Ex. This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex. Informative abstract present as much as possible of the quantitative or qualitative information contained in a document.
    Ex. Many libraries provide users with photocopies of contents pages of selected journals.
    Ex. A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.
    Ex. Author abstracts are the abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
    Ex. Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex. The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex. The art of documentation is the process by which the documentalist is enabled to put before the creative specialist the existing literature bearing on the subject of his investigation.
    Ex. The perfect librarian may be defined as one who produces the information a reader requires as soon as the reader asks for it.
    Ex. This list indicates the dates the reports were tabled and any further action take.
    Ex. Most publications are probably free distribution material and whilst that does not absolve the publishers from the obligation of legal deposit it is probable that many local authorities do not submit their materials.
    Ex. Here is an institution which knows, neither rank nor wealth within its walls, which stops the ignorant peer or the ignorant monarch at its threshold, and declines to unveil to him its treasures, or to waste time upon him, and yet welcomes the workman according to his knowledge or thirst for knowledge.
    Ex. Officially known as SOLEX, this exhibition showcases mainly IT based products for the legal profession.
    Ex. The book's date label is stamped in the usual way, and the reader must surrender one token for each book he is borrowing.
    Ex. There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.
    Ex. I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.
    Ex. It is argued that newspaper reporting of bigamy constructs bigamists as being a threat to the institution of marriage.
    Ex. This address was tendered at the State Library of Victoria, Nov 88, to mark the retirement of Professor Jean Whyte.
    Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    Ex. Criticism is not appropriate in a style which aims to report, but not comment upon the content of the original document.
    Ex. They also intend to bring forward legislation to provide that the maximum amount of compensation should be £500,000.
    Ex. The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.
    ----
    * argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.
    * oportunidad + presentarse = opportunity + knock, opportunity + present + Reflexivo.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + Nombre + in a new light, throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar argumentos a favor = make + a case for.
    * presentar argumentos a favor de = present + arguments in favour of.
    * presentar como = make + Nombre + out to be.
    * presentar conclusiones = provide + conclusions.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * presentar deficiencias = fall + short.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * presentar dentro de = package.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentar detalladamente = spread out.
    * presentar dificultad = present + difficulty.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * presentar en pantalla = call up, print + online, bring up, screen.
    * presentar evidencia a favor de = present + case for.
    * presentar información = submit + information, package + information.
    * presentar información de varios modos = repackage + information.
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * presentar la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to.
    * presentar las pruebas ante = lay + evidence before.
    * presentar peligro = present + danger.
    * presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.
    * presentar posibilidades = present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar pruebas = give + evidence.
    * presentar resultados = report + findings, report + results.
    * presentar reto = defy.
    * presentarse = come in, manifest + Reflexivo, turn up, show up, unfold, come forward, come with.
    * presentarse a = stand for.
    * presentarse a una elección = stand for + election, run for + election.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * presentar (según) = cast (in/into).
    * presentarse una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * presentar similitudes = share + similarities.
    * presentar una amenaza = pose + threat.
    * presentar una comunicación = deliver + paper, give + paper, present + paper.
    * presentar una contribución = present + contribution.
    * presentar una demanda = file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.
    * presentar una demanda judicial = take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.
    * presentar una denuncia = file + police report.
    * presentar una factura = submit + bill.
    * presentar una idea = make + point, put forward + idea, offer + perspective, present + idea.
    * presentar una imagen = present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image.
    * presentar una oportunidad = afford + opportunity.
    * presentar una petición = submit + petition.
    * presentar una ponencia = give + paper, read + paper.
    * presentar una propuesta = submit + proposal.
    * presentar una queja = register + complaint, lodge + complaint, file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * presentar una reclamación = enter + complaint, place + claim, file + complaint.
    * presentar un argumento = advance + argument.
    * presentar una solicitud = submit + application.
    * presentar un aspecto = present + a picture.
    * presentar un aspecto de = wear + a look of.
    * presentar una visión = present + a picture.
    * presentar una visión global = give + overview, present + an overview, present + an overall picture, give + an overall picture, overview.
    * presentar un buen aspecto = look + good.
    * presentar un dilema = present + dilemma.
    * presentar un frente común = present + common front.
    * presentar un informe = give + a report, present + report.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * presentar un peligro = pose + danger.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * presentar un programa = present + programme.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * presentar un resumen = give + summary.
    * presentar un reto = present + challenge, provide + challenge.
    * presentar un riesgo = pose + risk.
    * presentar vestigios de = bear + traces of.
    * seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.
    * volver a presentar = resubmit [re-submit].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( mostrar) to present
    b) ( exponer por primera vez) <libro/disco> to launch; < obra de arte> to present; < colección de moda> to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) <informe/solicitud> to submit

    le presenté el pasaporte — I gave him my passport, I presented my passport to him

    d) ( enseñar) to show
    e) <disculpas/excusas> to make; < dimisión> to hand in, submit; < queja> to file, make

    presentaron una denuncia — they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint

    f) (Mil)
    2) (TV) < programa> to present, introduce
    3) < persona> to introduce

    te presento a mi hermana — I'd like you to meet my sister, this is my sister

    4) <novedad/ventaja> to offer; < síntoma> to show
    2.
    presentarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( en lugar) to turn up, appear
    b) (a concurso, examen)

    se presentó al examen — she took o (BrE) sat the exam

    se presenta como candidato independiente — he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent

    2) dificultad/problema to arise, come up, crop up (colloq)

    si se me presenta la oportunidad — if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises

    3) ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    * * *
    presentar (según)
    (v.) = cast (in/into)

    Ex: Which of the following subject analyses is cast in the citation order PMEST?.

    = bring to + the attention, display, draw, exhibit, expose, feature, introduce, open up, pose, present, provide with, set out, subject, throw up, render, put before, produce, table, submit, unveil, showcase, surrender, lay out, roll out, construct, tender, come up with, report, bring forward, deliver.

    Ex: Many displays are changed from time to time (for example, once a week, or once a month) so that various sections of the stock may be brought to the attention of the library's public over a period of time.

    Ex: The command function 'DISPLAY' is used to display a list of alphabetically linked terms.
    Ex: For example, when setting up the format for records in a data base, the user can draw a form on the screen, complete with headings for each field, and then, the data is entered into the form.
    Ex: These headings, therefore, in addition to exhibiting a bias in favor of the majority, actively hinder access.
    Ex: The reputation of the information and its authority will be more exposed to examination.
    Ex: Other catalogues and bibliographies only feature added entries under title where it is deemed that the author main entry heading is not likely to be obvious to the users.
    Ex: The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex: Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.
    Ex: This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex: Informative abstract present as much as possible of the quantitative or qualitative information contained in a document.
    Ex: Many libraries provide users with photocopies of contents pages of selected journals.
    Ex: A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.
    Ex: Author abstracts are the abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
    Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex: The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex: The art of documentation is the process by which the documentalist is enabled to put before the creative specialist the existing literature bearing on the subject of his investigation.
    Ex: The perfect librarian may be defined as one who produces the information a reader requires as soon as the reader asks for it.
    Ex: This list indicates the dates the reports were tabled and any further action take.
    Ex: Most publications are probably free distribution material and whilst that does not absolve the publishers from the obligation of legal deposit it is probable that many local authorities do not submit their materials.
    Ex: Here is an institution which knows, neither rank nor wealth within its walls, which stops the ignorant peer or the ignorant monarch at its threshold, and declines to unveil to him its treasures, or to waste time upon him, and yet welcomes the workman according to his knowledge or thirst for knowledge.
    Ex: Officially known as SOLEX, this exhibition showcases mainly IT based products for the legal profession.
    Ex: The book's date label is stamped in the usual way, and the reader must surrender one token for each book he is borrowing.
    Ex: There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.
    Ex: I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.
    Ex: It is argued that newspaper reporting of bigamy constructs bigamists as being a threat to the institution of marriage.
    Ex: This address was tendered at the State Library of Victoria, Nov 88, to mark the retirement of Professor Jean Whyte.
    Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    Ex: Criticism is not appropriate in a style which aims to report, but not comment upon the content of the original document.
    Ex: They also intend to bring forward legislation to provide that the maximum amount of compensation should be £500,000.
    Ex: The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.
    * argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.
    * oportunidad + presentarse = opportunity + knock, opportunity + present + Reflexivo.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + Nombre + in a new light, throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar argumentos a favor = make + a case for.
    * presentar argumentos a favor de = present + arguments in favour of.
    * presentar como = make + Nombre + out to be.
    * presentar conclusiones = provide + conclusions.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * presentar deficiencias = fall + short.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * presentar dentro de = package.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentar detalladamente = spread out.
    * presentar dificultad = present + difficulty.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * presentar en pantalla = call up, print + online, bring up, screen.
    * presentar evidencia a favor de = present + case for.
    * presentar información = submit + information, package + information.
    * presentar información de varios modos = repackage + information.
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * presentar la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to.
    * presentar las pruebas ante = lay + evidence before.
    * presentar peligro = present + danger.
    * presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.
    * presentar posibilidades = present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar pruebas = give + evidence.
    * presentar resultados = report + findings, report + results.
    * presentar reto = defy.
    * presentarse = come in, manifest + Reflexivo, turn up, show up, unfold, come forward, come with.
    * presentarse a = stand for.
    * presentarse a una elección = stand for + election, run for + election.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * presentar (según) = cast (in/into).
    * presentarse una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * presentar similitudes = share + similarities.
    * presentar una amenaza = pose + threat.
    * presentar una comunicación = deliver + paper, give + paper, present + paper.
    * presentar una contribución = present + contribution.
    * presentar una demanda = file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.
    * presentar una demanda judicial = take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.
    * presentar una denuncia = file + police report.
    * presentar una factura = submit + bill.
    * presentar una idea = make + point, put forward + idea, offer + perspective, present + idea.
    * presentar una imagen = present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image.
    * presentar una oportunidad = afford + opportunity.
    * presentar una petición = submit + petition.
    * presentar una ponencia = give + paper, read + paper.
    * presentar una propuesta = submit + proposal.
    * presentar una queja = register + complaint, lodge + complaint, file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * presentar una reclamación = enter + complaint, place + claim, file + complaint.
    * presentar un argumento = advance + argument.
    * presentar una solicitud = submit + application.
    * presentar un aspecto = present + a picture.
    * presentar un aspecto de = wear + a look of.
    * presentar una visión = present + a picture.
    * presentar una visión global = give + overview, present + an overview, present + an overall picture, give + an overall picture, overview.
    * presentar un buen aspecto = look + good.
    * presentar un dilema = present + dilemma.
    * presentar un frente común = present + common front.
    * presentar un informe = give + a report, present + report.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * presentar un peligro = pose + danger.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * presentar un programa = present + programme.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * presentar un resumen = give + summary.
    * presentar un reto = present + challenge, provide + challenge.
    * presentar un riesgo = pose + risk.
    * presentar vestigios de = bear + traces of.
    * seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.
    * volver a presentar = resubmit [re-submit].

    * * *
    presentar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (mostrar) to present
    un producto bien presentado a well-presented product
    2 (exponer por primera vez) ‹libro/disco› to launch
    presentó sus nuevos cuadros she presented her new paintings
    presentará su colección de otoño en Londres he will present o exhibit his autumn collection in London
    el nuevo XS34 se presentará al público en el salón de Turín the new XS34 will be on display (to the public) for the first time at the Turin show
    3 (entregar) ‹informe/solicitud› to submit
    le presenté el pasaporte para que me lo sellara I gave him my passport for stamping, I presented my passport to him for stamping
    tengo que presentar los planes mañana I have to submit o present the plans tomorrow
    4 (enseñar) to show
    hay que presentar el carné para entrar you have to show your membership card to get in
    5 ‹disculpas/excusas› to make
    fui a presentar mis respetos I went to pay my respects
    presentó su dimisión she handed in o submitted her resignation, she resigned
    pienso presentar una queja I intend filing o making a complaint
    presentaron una denuncia they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint
    presentar pruebas to present evidence
    presentar cargos to bring charges
    presentar una demanda to bring a lawsuit
    6 ( Mil):
    presentar armas to present arms
    B (TV) ‹programa› to present, introduce
    C [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹persona› to introduce
    el director presentó al conferenciante the director introduced the speaker
    me presentó a su familia he introduced me to his family
    te presento a mi hermana I'd like you to meet my sister/this is my sister
    D
    (mostrar, ofrecer): el nuevo modelo presenta algunas novedades the latest model has o offers some new features
    presenta muchas ventajas para el consumidor it offers the consumer many advantages
    el paciente no presentaba síntomas de intoxicación the patient showed no signs of food poisoning
    el cadáver presenta un impacto de bala en el costado ( frml); there is a bullet wound in the side of the body, the body has a bullet wound in the side
    A
    1 (en un lugar) to turn up, appear
    se presentó en casa sin avisar he turned up o showed up o appeared at the house unexpectedly
    se presentó voluntariamente a la policía he turned himself in to the police
    tendrá que presentarse ante el juez he will have to appear before the judge
    2
    (a un concurso, examen): se presentó al examen she took o ( BrE) sat the exam
    me presenté al concurso I entered the competition
    se presenta como candidato independiente he's an independent candidate, he's running as an independent ( AmE), he's standing as an independent ( BrE)
    se presentó para el cargo de director he applied for the post of director
    B «dificultad/problema» to arise, come up, crop up ( colloq)
    estaré allí salvo que se presente algún impedimento I'll be there unless something crops up o comes up
    si se me presenta la oportunidad if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises
    el futuro se presenta prometedor the future looks promising
    el asunto se presenta muy mal things are looking very bad
    C (darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    permítame que me presente allow me to introduce myself
    presentarse en sociedad to make one's debut (in society)
    * * *

     

    presentar ( conjugate presentar) verbo transitivo
    1

    b) ( exponer por primera vez) ‹libro/disco› to launch;

    ‹ obra de arte› to present;
    ‹ colección de moda› to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) ‹informe/solicitud› to submit;

    ‹ trabajo› to hand in;
    ‹ renuncia› to hand in, submit
    d) ( enseñar) ‹carnet/pasaporte› to show

    e) ‹disculpas/excusas› to make;

    ‹ queja› to file, make;
    ‹ cargos› to bring;

    presentar pruebas to present evidence
    f) (Mil):


    2 (TV) ‹ programa› to present, introduce
    3 ‹ persona› to introduce;

    4 ‹novedad/ventaja› to offer;
    ‹ síntoma› to show
    presentarse verbo pronominal
    1


    b) presentarse a algo ‹ a examen› to take sth;

    ‹ a concurso› to enter sth;
    ‹ a elecciones› to take part in sth;
    ◊ se presenta como candidato independiente he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent;

    presentarse para un cargo to apply for a post
    2 [dificultad/problema] to arise, come up;
    [ oportunidad] to arise
    3 ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    presentar verbo transitivo
    1 (un programa, pruebas, etc) to present
    2 (un producto) to launch
    3 (a una persona) to introduce
    4 (síntomas, características, etc) to have, show
    5 (disculpas) to give, present
    (condolencias) to give, pay
    6 (la dimisión) to hand in
    7 (una queja) to file, make
    ' presentar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alegar
    - compeler
    - convenir
    - dimisión
    - esquema
    - revestir
    - dar
    - demanda
    - denuncia
    - introducir
    - licitar
    - moción
    - queja
    - querella
    - renuncia
    English:
    bring forward
    - charge
    - claim
    - field
    - file
    - hand in
    - host
    - introduce
    - lay
    - lodge
    - make out
    - model
    - pay
    - present
    - press
    - produce
    - put in
    - put on
    - put up
    - register
    - render
    - replay
    - report
    - represent
    - rerun
    - respect
    - serve up
    - set out
    - show
    - slant
    - star
    - submit
    - table
    - this
    - bring
    - come
    - display
    - enter
    - exhibit
    - float
    - hand
    - notice
    - propose
    - put
    - retake
    - sponsor
    - tender
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [mostrar, entregar] to present;
    [dimisión] to tender, to hand in; [tesis] to hand in, to submit; [pruebas, propuesta] to submit; [recurso, denuncia] to lodge; [solicitud] to make; [moción] to propose;
    presente su pasaporte en la ventanilla show your passport at the window;
    presentar cargos/una demanda contra alguien to bring charges/an action against sb;
    ¡presenten armas! [en ejército] present arms!;
    es un trabajo muy bien presentado it is a very well presented piece of work
    2. [dar a conocer] to introduce;
    me presentó a sus amigos she introduced me to her friends;
    Juan, te presento a Carmen Juan, this is Carmen;
    me parece que no nos han presentado I don't think we've been introduced;
    permítame que le presente a nuestra directora allow me to introduce you to our manager, I'd like you to meet our manager;
    no se conocían, pero yo los presenté they didn't know each other, but I introduced them (to each other)
    3. [anunciar] [programa de radio o televisión] to present;
    [espectáculo] to compere;
    la mujer que presenta el telediario the woman who reads the news on TV
    4. [proponer para competición] [obra] to enter;
    presentar una novela a un premio literario to enter a novel for a literary prize;
    presentar una película a concurso to enter a film at a film festival;
    presentar a alguien para algo to propose sb for sth, to put sb forward for sth;
    el partido presentará a la señora Cruz para la alcaldía the party is putting Mrs Cruz forward for the office of mayor, Mrs Cruz will be the party's candidate for the office of mayor
    5. [exhibir por primera vez] [planes, presupuestos] to present;
    [película] to premiere; [libro, disco] to launch;
    el club presentó a su último fichaje ante la prensa the club introduced its new signing to the press
    6. [ofrecer] [disculpas, excusas] to make;
    [respetos] to pay;
    nos presentó (sus) disculpas he made his excuses to us
    7. [tener] [aspecto, características, novedades] to have;
    este fondo de inversión presenta grandes ventajas this investment fund offers o has big advantages;
    la playa presenta un aspecto deplorable the beach is in a terrible state;
    presenta difícil solución it's going to be difficult to solve;
    el paciente presentaba síntomas de deshidratación the patient presented symptoms of dehydration
    * * *
    v/t
    1 TV present
    2 a alguien introduce
    3 producto launch
    4 solicitud submit
    * * *
    1) : to present, to show
    2) : to offer, to give
    3) : to submit (a document), to launch (a product)
    4) : to introduce (a person)
    * * *
    1. (personas) to introduce
    te presento a Iván this is Iván / meet Iván
    2. (programa, idea, propuesta) to present
    3. (un producto) to launch
    4. (señales, aspecto) to have / to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]

    Spanish-English dictionary > presentar

  • 12 Amt

    Amt n 1. GEN office; 2. PAT authority (Dienststelle, Behörde); 3. PERS position, post; 4. RECHT agency, agcy; 5. ADMIN (AE) bureau (Dienststelle, Behörde) • Amt niederlegen PERS resign • Amt übernehmen PERS assume an office • aus dem Amt ausscheiden PERS leave office, retire • das Amt des PA ausüben PERS perform the office of PA • ein Amt antreten POL accede to an office, enter upon an office, take up office • ein Amt bekleiden 1. PERS hold an office, hold a position; 2. POL hold office • ein Amt innehaben PERS hold an office, hold a position • im Amt sein 1. PERS be in office; 2. POL hold office • jmdn. seines Amtes entheben PERS, POL remove sb from office • von Amts wegen POL, RECHT ex officio, officially • von Amts wegen prüfen PERS consider officially (Arbeit)
    * * *
    n 1. < Geschäft> office; 2. < Patent> authority; 3. < Person> position; 4. < Recht> agency (agcy) ; 5. < Verwalt> bureau (AE) ■ Amt antreten < Person> take office ■ Amt niederlegen < Person> resign ■ aus dem Amt ausscheiden v < Person> leave office, retire ■ das Amt des PA ausüben < Person> perform the office of PA ■ ein Amt antreten < Pol> accede to an office, enter upon an office ■ ein Amt bekleiden 1. < Person> hold an office, hold a position; 2. < Pol> hold office ■ ein Amt innehaben < Person> hold an office, hold a position ■ im Amt sein 1. < Person> be in office; 2. < Pol> hold office ■ von Amts wegen prüfen < Person> Arbeit consider officially, ex officio
    * * *
    Amt
    (Amtspflicht) duty, public function, (Anstellung) appointment, (Aufgabe) business, charge, function, part, task, (Aufgabenbereich) province, (Auftrag) commission, (Behörde) magistracy, board, agency (US), bureau, department, office, (Beschäftigung) employment, (Geschäftsstelle) department, bureau (US), (telecom.) exchange, operator, central (US);
    • im Amt [befindlich] in office (power), in the saddle;
    • kraft seines Amtes by virtue of his office;
    • nicht mehr im Amt out;
    • von Amts wegen officially, ex officio (lat.), in ordinary;
    • Auswärtiges Amt Foreign Office (Br.), State Department (US);
    • besoldetes Amt salaried (paid, lucrative) office;
    • einträgliches Amt lucrative office (business);
    • hohes Amt high position;
    • öffentliches Amt government office;
    • Statistisches Amt Bureau of the Census (US);
    • Amt für Betrugsbekämpfung Anti-Fraud-Office;
    • Amt für Internationale Entwicklung Agency for International Development (AID);
    • Amt für Familienförderung [etwa] Department of Family and Children’s Services;
    • Amt eines Liquidators liquidatorship;
    • Amt eines Rechnungsführers accountantship;
    • Amt eines Revisors auditorship;
    • Amt des Steuereinnehmers receivership;
    • Amt für die Tierkörperverwertungsindustrie Bureau of Animal Industry (US);
    • Amt für Amtliche Veröffentlichungen Office for Official Publications;
    • Amt für internationale Zusammenarbeit International Cooperation Administration (ICA) (US);
    • sein Amt abgeben to give up one’s appointment;
    • Amt nicht annehmen to refuse an office;
    • Amt antreten to enter upon (accede, succeed to) an office;
    • Amt aufgeben to relinquish (resign, vacate) office;
    • Amt zur Zufriedenheit ausfüllen to fill an office satisfactorily;
    • Amt ausschlagen to disclaim an office;
    • ein Amt ausüben to exercise an office;
    • öffentliches Amt bekleiden to hold (occupy) a public office (position);
    • sich um ein Amt bemühen to figure for office (coll.);
    • j. in ein Amt berufen to appoint s. o. to an office;
    • sich um ein Amt bewerben to run (stand) for an office, to apply for a post;
    • lange im Amt bleiben to have a long run;
    • über die festgelegte Zeit im Amt bleiben to hold over;
    • j. in ein Amt einsetzen to institute (establish) s. o. in an office;
    • j. seines Amtes vorläufig entheben to suspend s. o. from his office;
    • Amt innehaben to fill a post, to hold (keep, bear) an office;
    • Amt zeitweilig innehaben to be in charge of an office pro tempore;
    • öffentliches Amt in gewinnsüchtiger Weise missbrauchen to job;
    • sein Amt niederlegen to give up one’s appointment, to resign the seals;
    • mit einem Amt verbunden sein (Gehalt) to go with an office;
    • in Amt und Würden sein to be in an established position;
    • Amt übernehmen to assume an office;
    • jem. aufgrund seiner Beziehungen zu einem Amt verhelfen to jockey s. o. into office;
    • aus dem Amt vertreiben to boot out of office;
    • seines Amtes walten to officiate;
    • von einem Amt zurücktreten to resign (lay down, vacate) office.

    Business german-english dictionary > Amt

  • 13 colegio

    m.
    1 school (escuela).
    colegio de monjas convent school
    colegio mixto mixed o coeducational school
    colegio nacional state primary school
    colegio de pago fee-paying school
    colegio de párvulos infant school
    colegio privado private school
    2 high school, school, academy, institute.
    3 association, body.
    4 professional association.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: colegiar.
    * * *
    1 (escuela) school
    2 (asociación) college, association
    3 (residencia) hall of residence, US dormitory
    \
    colegio de monjas convent school
    colegio electoral (votantes) electoral college 2 (lugar) polling station
    colegio mayor / colegio universitario hall of residence, US dormitory
    colegio privado / colegio de pago public school, US private school
    colegio público state school
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Escol) school

    colegio mayor — (Univ) hall of residence; ( Hist) college

    colegio público — state school, public school (EEUU)

    2) (=corporación)
    3) (Pol)

    colegio electoral — (=lugar) polling station; (=electores) electoral college

    COLEGIO Uso del artículo A la hora de traducir expresiones como al colegio/ a la escuela o en el colegio/ en la escuela, desde el colegio/ desde la escuela {etc}, hemos de tener en cuenta el motivo por el que alguien acude al recinto o está allí: ► Se traduce al colegio/ a la escuela por to school, en el colegio {o} en la escuela por at school y desde el colegio {o} desde la escuela por from school cuando alguien va o está allí en calidad de alumno: El primer día que fui al colegio me pasé toda la mañana llorando The first day I went to school I spent the whole morning crying Juan todavía está en el colegio. Lo han castigado Juan's still at school. He's been given a detention ► Se traduce al colegio/ a la escuela por to the school, en el colegio/ en la escuela por at the school y desde el colegio/ desde la escuela por from the school cuando alguien va o está en el centro por otros motivos: Ayer fueron mis padres al colegio para hablar con el director Yesterday my parents went to the school to talk to the headmaster Podemos quedar en el colegio y luego ir a tomar algo We can meet at the school and then go for a drink Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    1) (Educ) school

    Colegio de Abogados — ≈Bar Association

    Colegio Oficial de Médicos — ≈Medical Association

    •
    * * *
    Ex. He graduated from library school a year and a half ago, and served a one year stint as an assistant media specialist in a middle school media center = El se graduó en biblioteconomía hace un año y medio y durante un año trabajó como auxiliar especialista en multimedia en un centro multimedia de una escuela secundaria.
    ----
    * Colegio de Abogados = Law Society.
    * colegio electoral = electoral college.
    * colegio invisible = invisible college.
    * colegio mayor = residence hall, dormitory [dorm, -abbr.], dorm, student residence.
    * colegio profesional = scholarly society.
    * colegio universitario = college.
    * colegio universitario estatal = junior college, state college, state college.
    * colegio universitario municipal = community college.
    * excursión del colegio = school trip.
    * viaje del colegio = school trip.
    * * *
    1) (Educ) school

    Colegio de Abogados — ≈Bar Association

    Colegio Oficial de Médicos — ≈Medical Association

    •
    * * *

    Ex: He graduated from library school a year and a half ago, and served a one year stint as an assistant media specialist in a middle school media center = El se graduó en biblioteconomía hace un año y medio y durante un año trabajó como auxiliar especialista en multimedia en un centro multimedia de una escuela secundaria.

    * Colegio de Abogados = Law Society.
    * colegio electoral = electoral college.
    * colegio invisible = invisible college.
    * colegio mayor = residence hall, dormitory [dorm, -abbr.], dorm, student residence.
    * colegio profesional = scholarly society.
    * colegio universitario = college.
    * colegio universitario estatal = junior college, state college, state college.
    * colegio universitario municipal = community college.
    * excursión del colegio = school trip.
    * viaje del colegio = school trip.

    * * *
    A ( Educ) school
    va a un colegio de monjas she goes to a convent school
    un colegio de curas a Catholic boys' school
    Compuestos:
    (en Esp) private school ( receiving state subsidy) colegio concertado (↑ colegio a1)
    ● colegio estatal or del estado
    public school ( AmE), state school ( BrE) colegio estatal (↑ colegio aa1)
    ( Esp) residence hall ( AmE), hall of residence ( BrE)
    fee-paying o private school colegio privado (↑ colegio aaaa1)
    public school ( AmE), state school ( BrE)
    University College
    B
    (de profesionales): Colegio de Abogados ≈ Bar Association, college of lawyers
    Colegio Oficial de Médicos ≈ Medical Association
    Compuestos:
    ● colegio cardenalicio or de cardenales
    College of Cardinals
    electoral college
    * * *

     

    Del verbo colegiar: ( conjugate colegiar)

    colegio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    colegió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    colegio sustantivo masculino
    a) (Educ) school;


    un colegio de monjas convent school;
    un colegio de curas a Catholic boys' school;
    colegio privado or de pago fee-paying o private school;
    colegio electoral electoral college;
    colegio estatal or público public school (AmE), state school (BrE)

    ◊ Ccolegio de Abogados ≈ Bar Association;

    Ccolegio Oficial de Médicos ≈ Medical Association
    colegio sustantivo masculino
    1 (escuela) school
    colegio privado, GB public o independent school, US private school
    colegio público, state school, US public school
    2 (clase, enseñanza) mañana no hay colegio, there is no school tomorrow
    3 (asociación profesional), college, association
    colegio de abogados, Bar Association
    colegio de médicos, Medical Association
    4 Pol colegio electoral, electoral college
    5 Univ colegio mayor o universitario, hall of residence, US dormitory
    ' colegio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aglomerarse
    - ambientarse
    - aula
    - campana
    - cerca
    - compañera
    - compañero
    - dirección
    - director
    - directora
    - dormitorio
    - electoral
    - espaldera
    - ir
    - hornada
    - internado
    - meter
    - patio
    - predominar
    - pública
    - público
    - subdirector
    - subdirectora
    - tarde
    - témpano
    - alumnado
    - alumno
    - bata
    - camarada
    - castigar
    - cátedra
    - catedrático
    - claustro
    - colegial
    - comedor
    - conserje
    - cuál
    - cuyo
    - dejar
    - descanso
    - después
    - distar
    - echar
    - egresado
    - egresar
    - egreso
    - elitista
    - estudiar
    - exalumno
    - exclusividad
    English:
    admission
    - after
    - argue
    - art
    - assembly
    - association
    - at
    - bar
    - become
    - board
    - boarder
    - caretaker
    - co-ed
    - consecutive
    - desk
    - dormitory
    - dyslexia
    - expel
    - grammar school
    - head
    - institute
    - polling station
    - pool
    - prep school
    - private
    - public school
    - residence
    - school
    - school trip
    - schooldays
    - scrap
    - senior
    - set back
    - single-sex
    - skive
    - sports day
    - all
    - any
    - bundle
    - canteen
    - catchment area
    - college
    - ferry
    - finishing
    - get
    - grammar
    - hall
    - high
    - junior
    - leave
    * * *
    1. [escuela] school;
    ir al colegio to go to school;
    mañana no hay colegio there's no school tomorrow;
    durante mis años de colegio while I was at school
    Esp colegio concertado state-subsidized (private) school;
    colegio de curas school run by priests, Catholic boys' school;
    colegio estatal Br state school, US public school;
    colegio homologado officially approved school;
    colegio de monjas convent school;
    colegio nacional Br state primary school, US public elementary school;
    colegio de pago fee-paying o private school;
    colegio de párvulos infant school;
    colegio privado private school;
    colegio público Br state school, US public school;
    2. [de profesionales]
    colegio (profesional) professional association
    colegio de abogados bar association;
    colegio cardenalicio college of cardinals;
    colegio de médicos medical association
    3. Pol colegio electoral [lugar] polling station;
    [votantes] ward
    4. Esp colegio mayor Br hall(s) of residence, US dormitory, US residence hall
    COLEGIO DE MÉXICO
    The Colegio de México is an institution dedicated to research and graduate teaching in the Social Sciences and Humanities, and has exercised a leading influence on intellectual and academic life in Mexico since its foundation in 1940. It developed from the “Casa de España”, which was set up in 1938 as a refuge for exiled Spanish academics during the Spanish Civil War, and of which the Mexican writer Alfonso Reyes was one of the first directors. The early work of the Colegio concentrated on historical, literary and linguistic research, but in time it grew to encompass economics, demographics and sociology, as well as Asian and African and International studies. Although it is a small institution compared with the large public universities, it has one of the most important libraries in Latin America (the Biblioteca Cosío Villegas), and publishes about 100 books a year.
    * * *
    m school
    * * *
    1) : school
    2) : college
    colegio electoral: electoral college
    3) : professional association
    * * *
    colegio n school

    Spanish-English dictionary > colegio

  • 14 officiel

    c black officiel, -elle [ɔfisjεl]
    1. adjective
    c black2. masculine noun, feminine noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✎ Le mot anglais se termine par - ial.
    * * *

    1.
    - ielle ɔfisjɛl adjectif gén official

    être en visite officielle — [envoyé] to be on an official visit; [chef d'État] to be on a state visit


    2.
    nom masculin (fonctionnaire, organisateur) official
    * * *
    ɔfisjɛl officiel, -le
    1. adj
    2. nm/f
    * * *
    A adj gén official; c'est la version officielle that's the official story; être en visite officielle [envoyé] to be on an official visit; [chef d'État] to be on a state visit.
    B nm (fonctionnaire, organisateur) official.
    ( féminin officielle) [ɔfisjɛl] adjectif
    1. [public] official
    langage ou jargon officiel officialese
    il a rendu officielle sa décision de démissionner he made public ou he officially announced his decision to resign
    2. [réglementaire] formal
    ————————
    nom masculin
    1. [représentant] official

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > officiel

  • 15 public

    public, -ique [pyblik]
    1. adjective
       a. ( = non privé) public
       b. ( = de l'État) [services, secteur, finances] public ; [école, instruction] State before n, public (US)
    2. masculine noun
       a. ( = population) le public the (general) public
    • « interdit au public » "no admittance to the public"
       b. ( = audience, assistance) audience
    • être bon/mauvais public to be easy/hard to please
       c. ( = secteur) le public the public sector
    * * *

    1.
    - ique pyblik adjectif [lieu, argent] public; [enseignement] state (épith) GB, public US; [entreprise, chaîne] state-owned (épith)

    homme or personnage public — public figure


    2.
    nom masculin
    1) ( tout le monde) public

    ‘interdit au public’ — ‘no admittance’

    2) (de spectacle, conférence, d'émission) audience; ( de manifestation sportive) spectators (pl)
    3) ( lecteurs) readership
    4) ( adeptes)
    5) ( secteur)
    * * *
    pyblik (-ique)
    1. adj
    1) (jardin, piscine, bibliothèque) public, (école, instruction) state modif
    2) (scrutin) open
    2. nm
    1) (= population) public

    Ce parc est ouvert au public. — The park is open to the public.

    2) (= assistance) audience

    Le public a applaudi le chanteur. — The audience applauded the singer.

    Je déteste parler en public. — I hate speaking in public.

    * * *
    A adj [lieu, vente, argent] public; [école, enseignement] state ( épith) GB, public US; [entreprise, chaîne] state-owned ( épith); rendre qch public to make sth public; la dette publique the national debt; hôpital public state-run hospital; les cours sont publics the lectures are open to the public; en audience publique in open court; homme or personnage public public figure; femme or fille publique prostitute.
    B nm
    1 ( tout le monde) public; en public in public; ouvert au public open to the public; ‘interdit au public’ ‘no admittance’; ‘avis au public’ ‘public notice’; porter qch à la connaissance du public to make sth public; ⇒ grand;
    2 (de spectacle, conférence, d'émission) audience; ( de manifestation sportive) spectators (+ v pl); s'adresser à un public jeune/un large public to be directed at a young audience/a wide audience; il lui faut un public he/she has to have an audience; être bon public to be easily pleased; être mauvais public to be hard to please; tous publics for all ages; on entendait des rires dans le public there was laughter in the audience;
    3 ( lecteurs) readership;
    4 ( adeptes) avoir un public to have a following; elle ne veut pas décevoir son public she doesn't want to disappoint her fans ou public;
    5 Écon le public the public sector.
    ( féminin publique) [pyblik] adjectif
    1. [ouvert à tous] public
    2. [connu] public, well-known
    3. [de l'État] public, state (modificateur)
    ————————
    nom masculin
    1. [population] public
    le grand public the general public, the public at large
    2. [audience - d'un spectacle] public, audience ; [ - d'un écrivain] readership, readers ; [ - d'un match] spectators
    public féminin/familial female/family audience
    s'adresser à un vaste public/à un public restreint to address a vast/limited audience
    c'est un excellent livre, mais qui n'a pas encore trouvé son public although the book is excellent, it hasn't yet found the readership it deserves
    3. [secteur]
    ————————
    en public locution adverbiale
    ————————
    grand public locution adjectivale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > public

  • 16 constar

    v.
    1 to appear.
    su nombre no consta en esta lista his name is not on o does not appear on this list
    hacer constar algo to put something on record
    me consta que… I am quite sure that…
    que conste que… let it be clearly understood that…, let there be no doubt that…
    yo no he sido, que conste let's get one thing clear, it wasn't me
    2 to be evident, to be recorded, to be on record.
    3 to be certain about, to be sure about, to can vouch for, to vouch for.
    Me consta su honestidad I can vouch for his honesty.
    4 to be evident to.
    Me consta su inocencia His innocence is evident to me.
    * * *
    1 (consistir en) to consist (de, of), be made up (de, of), comprise (de, -)
    2 (figurar) to figure, be included, appear
    3 (ser cierto) to be a fact
    ■ me consta que ha llegado I am certain that she has arrived, I know for a fact that she has arrived
    4 (quedar claro) to be clear, be known
    ■ que conste que... and let it be clearly understood that...
    \
    hacer constar (señalar) to point out, state 2 (escribir) to put down, include
    para que así conste formal for the record
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VI
    1) (=ser evidente)

    consta que... — it is a fact that...

    me consta que... — I have evidence that...

    2) (=aparecer, figurar)

    constar (en) — to appear (in), be given (in o on)

    y para que así conste... — and for the record...

    3)

    que conste: que conste que no estoy de acuerdo — for the record, I disagree

    que conste que lo hice por ti — believe me, I did it for your own good

    4) (=componerse)

    constar de — to consist of, be composed of

    5) (Literat) to scan
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( figurar)

    constar en algo — en acta/documento to be stated o recorded in something; en archivo/catálogo to be listed in something; en libro/texto to appear in something

    y para que así conste... — and for the record...

    (que) conste que yo se lo advertí — I did warn her, you know

    yo nunca dije eso, que conste — just to set the record straight, I never actually said that; (+ me/te/le etc)

    me consta que... — I am sure that...

    c)

    hacer constar algo — ( manifestar) to state something; ( por escrito) to register something, to put something on record

    * * *
    = figure, be on record as.
    Ex. It is important not to let the early sections figure disproportionately in the final abstract merely because they are encountered first.
    Ex. Magro was on record as subscribing to the view that the public library as a democratically based public institution had no business using a disproportionate amount of its resources to support an elitist program for a tiny minority of the community.
    ----
    * constar de = be composed of, comprise (of), consist of, include.
    * hacer constar = state.
    * para que conste oficialmente = for the record.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( figurar)

    constar en algo — en acta/documento to be stated o recorded in something; en archivo/catálogo to be listed in something; en libro/texto to appear in something

    y para que así conste... — and for the record...

    (que) conste que yo se lo advertí — I did warn her, you know

    yo nunca dije eso, que conste — just to set the record straight, I never actually said that; (+ me/te/le etc)

    me consta que... — I am sure that...

    c)

    hacer constar algo — ( manifestar) to state something; ( por escrito) to register something, to put something on record

    * * *
    = figure, be on record as.

    Ex: It is important not to let the early sections figure disproportionately in the final abstract merely because they are encountered first.

    Ex: Magro was on record as subscribing to the view that the public library as a democratically based public institution had no business using a disproportionate amount of its resources to support an elitist program for a tiny minority of the community.
    * constar de = be composed of, comprise (of), consist of, include.
    * hacer constar = state.
    * para que conste oficialmente = for the record.

    * * *
    constar [A1 ]
    vi
    A
    1
    (figurar): como consta en el acta/informe as stated o recorded in the minutes/report
    y para que así conste … ( frml); phrase used at end of official certificates (literally: so that this may be officially recorded)
    hizo constar su disconformidad she stated her disagreement, she made her disagreement known
    hizo constar en acta su oposición he asked for his opposition to be noted o recorded in the minutes
    2
    (quedar claro): alguien se lo dio y (que) conste que no fui yo someone gave it to him and it certainly wasn't me o it wasn't me, I can tell you
    lo perdió todo — (que) conste que yo se lo advertí she lost everything — I did warn her, you know o well, I did warn her
    yo nunca dije eso, que conste just to set the record straight, I never actually said that
    habla muy bien inglés, y conste que hace sólo un año que lo estudia she speaks very good English, and she's only been studying it for a year, you know
    (+ me/te/le etc): me consta que no tuvo nada que ver con este asunto I know for a fact that she had nothing to do with this matter
    consta de una serie de lecciones, respaldadas con películas it consists of a series of lessons backed up by films
    el juego de mesa consta de 48 piezas it's a 48-piece dinner service, the dinner service is made up of o comprises 48 pieces
    la obra consta de tres volúmenes the work is in three volumes
    * * *

     

    constar ( conjugate constar) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( figurar) constar en algo ‹en acta/documento› to be stated o recorded in sth;

    ‹en archivo/catálogo› to be listed in sth;
    ‹en libro/texto› to appear in sth


    yo nunca dije eso, que conste just to set the record straight, I never actually said that;
    eso me consta I am sure of that
    c)



    ( por escrito) to register sth, to put sth on record
    d) ( estar compuesto de) constar de algo to consist of sth

    constar verbo intransitivo
    1 (figurar) to figure in, be included (in): consta en acta, it is on record
    2 (tener certidumbre) me consta que..., I am absolutely certain that...
    3 (estar compuesto) to be made up [de, of], consist [de, of]
    ' constar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consignar
    - contar
    English:
    comprise
    - consist
    - record
    * * *
    1. [una información] to appear, to figure (en in);
    su nombre no consta en esta lista his name is not on o does not appear on this list;
    hacer constar algo to put sth on record;
    yo no he sido, que conste let's get one thing clear, it wasn't me;
    que conste que ya le había avisado you can't say I didn't warn you;
    llegó el primero, y que conste que casi no se había entrenado he came first, and with practically no training at that;
    que conste en acta la protesta [en juicio] let the objection go on record;
    que no conste en acta [en juicio] strike it from the record;
    y para que así conste, expido este certificado = official formula which effectively means “I formally issue this certificate”
    2. [saber con certeza]
    me consta que se lo pasaron muy bien I know for a fact they had a very good time;
    me consta que está casado I know for a fact that he's married
    3. [estar constituido por]
    constar de to consist of;
    la serie consta de cuatro episodios the series consists of four episodes;
    cada partido consta de cuatro tiempos each game consists of four quarters
    * * *
    v/i
    1 be recorded;
    hacer constar put on record;
    para que conste for the record
    2
    :
    constar de consist of
    3
    :
    me consta que I know for a fact that
    * * *
    1) : to be evident, to be on record
    que conste: believe me, have no doubt
    2)
    constar de : to consist of
    * * *
    1. (tener seguridad) to know [pt. knew; pp. known]
    2. (registrar) to appear
    3. (estar compuesto) to consist

    Spanish-English dictionary > constar

  • 17 Amt

    n; -(e)s, Ämter
    1. (Posten) post, position; (Aufgabe, Pflicht) (official) duty, function; ( noch) im Amt sein (still) hold ( oder be in) office; in Amt und Würden oft iro. in a position of authority, in an exalted position iro.; in Ausübung seines Amtes in carrying out his duty; kraft meines Amtes by virtue of my office; seines Amtes walten carry out one’s duties; walte deines Amtes! umg. do your duty allg.; von Amts wegen (dienstlich) because of one’s job; JUR., förm. ex officio
    2. (Behörde) office, department; bei oder in einem Amt vorsprechen call at ( oder go to) an office; von Amts wegen (amtlich) officially; auswärtig
    3. TELEF. exchange; das Fräulein vom Amt altm. the operator allg.; bitte geben Sie mir ein Amt please give me an (outside) line
    4. KIRCHL. service, KATH. mass
    * * *
    das Amt
    (Aufgabe) task; charge; office; duty;
    (Behörde) agency; authority
    * * *
    Ạmt [amt]
    nt -(e)s, ordm;er
    ['ɛmtɐ]

    im Amt sein — to be in or hold office

    in Amt und Würden — in an exalted position

    kraft seines Amtes (geh) — by virtue of one's office

    2) (= Aufgabe) duty, task

    seines Amtes walten (geh) — to carry out or discharge (form) one's duties

    3) (= Behörde) (= Fürsorgeamt) welfare department; (= Sozialamt) department of social security; (= Einwohnermeldeamt) registration office; (= Passamt) passport office; (= Finanzamt) tax office; (= Stadtverwaltung) council offices pl

    zum zuständigen Amt gehen — to go to the relevant authority

    die Ämter der Stadt — the town authorities

    4) (= Telefonamt) operator; (= Zentrale) exchange
    * * *
    (a position of authority, especially in or as a government: Our party has not been in office for years; the office of mayor.) office
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Ämter>
    [amt, pl ˈɛmtɐ]
    nt
    1. (Behörde, Abteilung) office, department
    aufs \Amt gehen (fam) to go to the authorities
    Auswärtiges \Amt Foreign Office BRIT, State Department AM
    2. (öffentliche Stellung) post, position; (hohe, ehrenamtliche Stellung) office
    [noch] im \Amt sein to be [still] in office
    sein/ein \Amt antreten to take up one's post [or office]
    für ein \Amt kandidieren to be a candidate for an office/a post [or position], to go for an office/a post [or position] fam
    ein \Amt innehaben to hold an office
    jdn aus dem \Amt entfernen to remove sb from [his/her] office
    in \Amt und Würde sein to be a man/woman of position and authority
    3. (offizielle Aufgabe) responsibility, [official] duty
    kraft jds \Amtes (geh) in one's official capacity
    kraft ihres \Amtes als Vorsitzende acting in her capacity as president
    seines \Amtes walten (geh) to carry out [or discharge] one's duty
    von \Amts wegen officially, ex officio spec
    ich erkläre Sie von \Amts wegen für verhaftet I arrest you in the name of the law
    4. TELEK (Fernamt) operator, exchange dated; (freie Leitung) outside line
    5. REL (Hochamt) [high] mass
    * * *
    das; Amt[e]s, Ämter
    1) (Stellung) post; position; (hohes politisches od. kirchliches Amt) office

    sein Amt antreten — take up one's post/take up office

    2) (Aufgabe) task; job; (Obliegenheit) duty

    seines Amtes walten — (geh.) discharge the duties of one's office

    3) (Behörde) (PassAmt, FinanzAmt, Amt für Statistik) office; (SozialAmt, FürsorgeAmt, Amt für Denkmalpflege, Vermessungswesen) department

    von Amts wegen — by order of the authorities; s. auch auswärtig 3)

    4) (Gebäude usw.) office
    5) (Fernspr.) exchange

    das Fräulein vom Amt — (veralt.) the operator

    vom Amt vermittelt werden — be put through by the operator

    6) (kath. Rel.) [sung] mass
    * * *
    Amt n; -(e)s, Ämter
    1. (Posten) post, position; (Aufgabe, Pflicht) (official) duty, function;
    (noch) im Amt sein (still) hold ( oder be in) office;
    in Amt und Würden oft iron in a position of authority, in an exalted position iron;
    in Ausübung seines Amtes in carrying out his duty;
    kraft meines Amtes by virtue of my office;
    seines Amtes walten carry out one’s duties;
    walte deines Amtes! umg do your duty allg;
    von Amts wegen (dienstlich) because of one’s job; JUR, form ex officio
    2. (Behörde) office, department;
    in einem Amt vorsprechen call at ( oder go to) an office;
    von Amts wegen (amtlich) officially; → auswärtig
    3. TEL exchange;
    das Fräulein vom Amt obs the operator allg;
    bitte geben Sie mir ein Amt please give me an (outside) line
    4. KIRCHE service, KATH mass
    * * *
    das; Amt[e]s, Ämter
    1) (Stellung) post; position; (hohes politisches od. kirchliches Amt) office

    sein Amt antreten — take up one's post/take up office

    2) (Aufgabe) task; job; (Obliegenheit) duty

    seines Amtes walten — (geh.) discharge the duties of one's office

    3) (Behörde) (PassAmt, FinanzAmt, Amt für Statistik) office; (SozialAmt, FürsorgeAmt, Amt für Denkmalpflege, Vermessungswesen) department

    von Amts wegen — by order of the authorities; s. auch auswärtig 3)

    4) (Gebäude usw.) office
    5) (Fernspr.) exchange

    das Fräulein vom Amt — (veralt.) the operator

    6) (kath. Rel.) [sung] mass
    * * *
    ¨-er m.
    agency n. ¨-er n.
    agency n.
    bureau n.
    charge n.
    commission n.
    department n.
    duty n.
    function n.
    office n.
    post n.
    task n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Amt

  • 18 staatl. gepr.

    abbr See: von staatlich geprüft
    * * *
    A. adj attr state…; Maßnahmen, Vorschriften, Subventionen etc: government …; (staatseigen) Industrie etc: nationalized, state-owned; Unternehmen: public;
    staatliche Mittel government funds, public money;
    das Unternehmen ist rein staatlich this enterprise is fully state-owned
    B. adv:
    staatlich anerkannt officially recognized ( oder approved);
    staatlich gefördert state-sponsored;
    geleitet state-control(l)ed, state-run;
    staatlich geprüft (abk staatl. gepr.) state-certified

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > staatl. gepr.

  • 19 scuola

    f school
    scuola di lingue language school
    scuola elementare primary school
    scuola media secondary school
    scuola serale evening classes pl
    scuola superiore high school
    scuola guida driving school
    andare a scuola go to school
    * * *
    scuola s.f.
    1 school; ( istruzione) education: scuola materna, nursery school; scuola elementare, primary (o elementary) school; scuola media inferiore, secondary school (o amer. junior high school); scuola media superiore, secondary school (o amer. high school); scuola mista, mixed school; scuola parificata, state-recognised private school; scuola parrocchiale, parish school; scuola privata, private school; scuola pubblica, state school; scuola dell'obbligo, compulsory education; scuola rurale, rural (o village) school; scuola a tempo pieno, full-time school; scuola diurna, day-classes; scuola serale, evening classes (o evening school); scuola all'aperto, open-air school; scuola magistrale, (teachers) training college; scuola tecnica, technical school; scuola commerciale, commercial school (o school of commerce); scuola aziendale, business school; scuola professionale, vocational (o trade) school; scuola di economia, school of economics; scuola di ballo, dancing school; scuola di disegno, drawing (o art) school; scuola di equitazione, riding school; scuola di scherma, fencing school; scuola di taglio, school of dress-making; compagno di scuola, school-friend (o schoolfellow o schoolmate); maestra di scuola, schoolmistress (o schoolteacher); maestro di scuola, schoolmaster (o schoolteacher); andare a scuola, to go to school; quando riapre la scuola?, when will school start again?; lasciare la scuola, to leave school; la scuola non gli piace, he does not like school // marinare la scuola, to play truant // cantiere scuola, workshop // nave scuola, training ship // alta scuola, haute école
    2 ( lezione) school, lesson (anche fig.); ( esempio) example: ieri non avemmo scuola, yesterday we had no lessons (o school); faccio scuola dalle 17 alle 21, I teach from 5 o'clock to 9 o'clock; questo periodo all'estero sarà un'ottima scuola per lui, this period abroad will be a very good experience for him; la scuola dell'esperienza, the school of experience; ciò ti serva di scuola, let this be a lesson (o an example) to you // seguire la scuola di qlcu., to follow s.o.'s example
    3 (arte, fil., scient.) school: (pitt.) la scuola fiamminga, fiorentina, the Dutch, Florentine school; (lett.) la scuola romantica, the Romantic school; (fil.) la scuola socratica, platonica, the Socratic, Platonic school // cresciuto alla scuola del materialismo, reared in the school of materialism // appartiene alla vecchia scuola, he belongs to the old school // fare scuola, to create a school (o to set a fashion).
    * * *
    ['skwɔla]
    1. sf
    (istituzione, edificio) school
    2. agg inv
    See:
    Cultural note: scuola Following the passage of the law on educational reform in 2003, Italian children go to "scuola dell'infanzia" for three years (age 3-6), after which they attend "scuola primaria" for five years (age 6-11). The first stage of education is then completed by three years of "scuola secondaria di primo grado" (age 11-14). For the second stage of their education, students can choose between various types of school and can specialize in various subjects.
    * * *
    ['skwɔla]
    sostantivo femminile

    essere, andare a scuola — to be at, to go to school

    avere scuola — (lezione) to have school

    2) (sistema) education (system)
    3) (fonte di formazione) school (di of), training (di for, in)

    scuola di vita — school of hard knocks, university of life, training for life

    4) art. letter. filos. school
    •

    scuola elementare — primary o elementary school, grade school AE

    scuola di lingue — school of languages, language school

    scuola magistrale — = formerly, high school specializing in education

    scuola materna — nursery school, kindergarten, preschool AE

    scuola media inferiore — = three years post elementary course, middle school BE, junior high school AE

    scuola media superiore — = course of studies following middle school/junior high school and preceding university

    scuola pubblica — state school, public school AE

    scuola serale — evening school, night school

    scuola di stato o statale state school; scuola superiore — secondary school

    ••

    fare scuola — (insegnare) to teach (school); (avere seguaci) to gain a following

    * * *
    scuola
    /'skwɔla/
    sostantivo f.
     1 school; essere, andare a scuola to be at, to go to school; la scuola è finita school is over; fin dai tempi della scuola since one's schooldays; avere scuola (lezione) to have school
     2 (sistema) education (system); riformare la scuola to reform the education system
     3 (fonte di formazione) school (di of), training (di for, in); scuola di vita school of hard knocks, university of life, training for life; della vecchia scuola of the old school
     4 art. letter. filos. school; scuola fiamminga Dutch School; scuola di pensiero school of thought
    fare scuola (insegnare) to teach (school); (avere seguaci) to gain a following
    \
    scuola alberghiera hotel-management school; scuola di ballo dancing school; scuola per corrispondenza correspondence college; scuola di danza ballet school; scuola elementare primary o elementary school, grade school AE; scuola guida driving school; scuola di lingue school of languages, language school; scuola magistrale = formerly, high school specializing in education; scuola materna nursery school, kindergarten, preschool AE; scuola media inferiore = three years post elementary course, middle school BE, junior high school AE; scuola media superiore = course of studies following middle school/junior high school and preceding university; scuola dell'obbligo compulsory education; scuola privata private school; scuola professionale vocational school; scuola pubblica state school, public school AE; scuola secondaria →  scuola superiore; scuola serale evening school, night school; scuola di stato o statale state school; scuola superiore secondary school.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > scuola

  • 20 pūblicē

        pūblicē adv.    [publicus], on account of the people, publicly, officially, for the state, in behalf of the state: Haud cito mali quid ortum ex hoc sit publice, any public misfortune, T.: aurum signanto, coin: disciplina puerilis publice exposita, by the state: interfici, by order of the state: dicere, in the name of the state: publice maximam putant esse laudem, vacare, etc., a national honor, Cs.: frumentum, quod Aedui essent publice polliciti, in the name of the state, Cs.: amicitiam publice privatimque petere, as representing the public, and personally, Cs.: ea privatim et publice rapere, S.: tegula publice praebita est, at the common cost, L.: ut filiae eius publice alerentur, at the public expense, N.— Generally, all together, universally: exsulatum publice ire, L.
    * * *
    publicly; at public expense

    Latin-English dictionary > pūblicē

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